Particle measurements in ultra-pure water (UPW) systems can take a long time to return to a stable baseline after normal operations are interrupted by an event such as maintenance shutdowns. A ...

In reliability engineering, few indicators are as consistently revealing as the particles that infiltrate a lubrication system. Long before vibration, temperature, or performance changes become ...

In the pharmaceutical industry, cleanrooms are categorized based on the level of airborne particle concentration necessary to meet the cleanliness standards required for the specific manufacturing ...

Modern manufacturing techniques frequently require clean environments designed, constructed, and maintained to facilitate the highest production yields possible while also meeting predictable ...

Optical particle counters (equipment here from Pacific Scientific), now with ISO standard calibrations, determine the condition of hydraulic oils used in injection machines and ensure comparability of ...

Both the USA cGMP 1 and EU GMP 2 dictate that cleanroom classification must be carried out according to ISO 14644-1. The version of this ISO standard released in 1999 4 was rewritten by a group of ...